विश्व के प्रमुख संविधान (Major Constitutions of the World) – by Dr. Pukhraj Jain

Key Constitutions Typically Covered:

1. भारत (India)

   • Lengthiest written constitution

   • Federal system with unitary bias

   • Parliamentary democracy

   • Independent judiciary and Fundamental Rights

2. संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (United States of America)

   • Oldest written constitution (since 1789)

   • Presidential system, strict separation of powers

   • Strong federal structure

   • Bill of Rights guarantees civil liberties

3. ब्रिटेन (United Kingdom)

   • Unwritten constitution based on customs, statutes, and conventions

   • Parliamentary sovereignty

   • Constitutional monarchy

   • Strong Prime Minister-led government

4. फ्रांस (France)

   • Semi-presidential system under the Fifth Republic

   • Clear separation of powers

   • Strong President with executive powers

   • Civil Law-based legal system

5. स्विट्ज़रलैंड (Switzerland)

   • Federal and direct democratic system

   • Collective executive (Federal Council)

   • Frequent use of referendums and initiatives

6. चीन (China)

   • Socialist, one-party communist rule

   • Constitution emphasizes collective over individual rights

   • Controlled judiciary and limited civil liberties

7. रूस (Russia)

   • Semi-presidential system

   • Strong central authority under the President

   • Mixed economy and restricted political freedoms

8. जर्मनी (Germany)

   • Federal republic with parliamentary system

   • Strong protection of fundamental rights

   • Proportional representation electoral system

9. जापान (Japan)

   • Parliamentary monarchy

   • Pacifist constitution post-WWII (Article 9 prohibits war)

   • Emperor as symbolic head

10. दक्षिण अफ्रीका (South Africa)

• Modern liberal constitution post-apartheid

• Strong commitment to equality and human rights

• Proportional representation

🎯 Importance of Studying Major Constitutions:

• Helps in comparative analysis of governance models

• Offers insight into how democracies and authoritarian regimes function

• Useful for UPSC/PSC exams and political science academic curriculum

• Encourages understanding of universal constitutional values like liberty, justice, and rule of law

🧠 Topics Often Discussed Under This Subject:

• Structure of government: Unitary vs Federal, Presidential vs Parliamentary

• Fundamental rights and their protection

• Role of judiciary and separation of powers

• Amendment procedures and constitutional flexibility

• Constitutionalism and rule of law

• Emergency powers and civil liberties